American presidents

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Saïd Amir Arjomand

Much of the Western world responded to Iran's recent post-election upheaval with surprise. The demands of protesters left many pundits scrambling to explain what they perceived as unprecedented politicization of the citizenry. The author analyzes Iran's political and ideological transformation in the post-Khomeini period. For many Americans, Iran is our most dangerous enemy--part of George W. Bush's "axis of evil" even before the appearance of Ahmadinejad. But what is the reality? How did Ahmadinejad rise to power, and how much power does he really have? What are the chances of normalizing relations with Iran? In After Khomeini, Saïd Amir Arjomand paints a subtle and perceptive portrait of contemporary Iran. This work, a sequel to Arjomand's acclaimed The Turban for the Crown, examines Iran under the successors of Ayatollah Khomeini up to the present day. He begins, as the Islamic Republic did, with Khomeini, offering a brilliant capsule biography of the man who masterminded the revolution that overthrew the Shah. Arjomand draws clear distinctions between the moderates of the initial phrase of the revolution, radicals, pragmatists, and hardliners, the latter best exemplified by Mahmud Ahmadinejad. Taking a chronological and thematic approach, he traces the emergence and consolidation of the present system of collective rule by clerical councils and the peaceful transition to dual leadership by the ayatollah as the supreme guide and the subordinate president of the Islamic Republic of Iran. He explains the internal political quarrels among Khomeini's heirs as a struggle over his revolutionary legacy. And he outlines how the ruling clerical elite and the nation's security forces are interdependent politically and economically, speculating on the potential future role of the Revolutionary Guards. -- Publisher description.

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Stanley Karnow

This book is an account of America's imperial experience in the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. Stanley Karnow, author of Vietnam: A History, has now written an enthralling account of an almost forgotten subject: America's imperial experience in the Philippines. Panoramic in scope, profound in its perceptions and compassionate in its human portraits, In Our Image is an exciting, heroic, tragic, colorful and often comic narrative drawn from many hitherto unpublished documents as well as hundreds of interviews with American and Filipino participants. Above all, its brilliant descriptions and analysis of this important chapter in American history holds lessons for the present and future. No other book on the subject is as comprehensive. - Jacket flap.

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Debra Sabia

Contradiction and Conflict explores the rich history, ideology, and development of the popular church in Nicaragua. From careful assessments within the context of Nicaragua's revolutionary period (1970s-1990), this book explores the historical conditions that worked to unify members of the Christian faith and the subsequent factors that fragmented the Christian community into at least four identifiable groups with religious and political differences, contradictions, and conflicts. Based on research and interview fieldwork conducted in Nicaragua, this groundbreaking volume, primarily focused on three Christian base communities in Managua, records disparate voices that recount the development and character of the popular church. Together, these eloquent voices contradict a fundamental and widely held opinion on the nature of the popular church. Debra Sabia establishes that, contrary to what has been thought, the popular church was neither homogeneous nor unified and that divergent notions of the popular church exist in Nicaragua. Using the work of Max Weber as a model in developing a theoretical framework for examining the popular church in Nicaragua, Sabia divides the popular church community into four ideal types: the Marxist, the Christian Revolutionary, the Reformist, and the Alienated Christian. Each ideal type is differentiated by its members' general orientation to spiritual and political beliefs and practices. Sabia provides important details about the origins and impact of these divisions, and she is especially sensitive to the groups' and individuals' own perceptions of their particular blend of religion and politics. By examining the impact of the popular church on the revolution and, conversely, the effect that Nicaraguan politics has had on the popular church, the study offers original conclusions for assessing the future viability of the popular church in the counterrevolutionary state.

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Charles Hornsby

"Since independence in 1963, Kenya has survived nearly five decades as a functioning nation-state, with regular elections, its borders intact and without experiencing war or military rule. However, Kenya's independence has always been circumscribed by its failure to transcend its colonial past; its governments have failed to achieve adequate living conditions for most of its citizens; and its politics have been fraught with controversy - illustrated most recently by the post-election protests and violence in 2007. The decisions of the early years of independence, and the acts of its leaders in the decades since - from Jomo Kenyatta, Tom Mboya and Oginga Odinga to Daniel arap Moi and Mwai Kibaki - have changed the country's path in unpredictable ways, but key themes of conflicts remain: over land, tribalism - including the simmering Kikuyu-Luo rivalries - money, power, national autonomy and the distribution of resources. The political elite's endless struggle for access to state resources has damaged Kenya's economy and the political exploitation of ethnicity still threatens the country's stability. In this definitive new history, Charles Hornsby demonstrates how independent Kenya's politics have been dominated by a struggle to deliver security, impartiality, efficiency and growth, but how the legacies of the past have continued to undermine their achievement, making the long-term future of Kenya far from certain."--