Crystal Fields for Transition-Metal Ions in Laser Host Materials

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Ralf Menzel

This book covers the fundamental properties and the description of single photons and light beams, experimentally and theoretically. It explains the essentials of linear interactions and most nonlinear interactions between light and matter in both the transparent and absorbing cases. It also provides a basic understanding of modern lasers, as well as the principles of nonlinear optical spectroscopy. It is self-consistent and enriched by a large number of calculated illustrations, examples, and descriptive tables. Graduate students in physics and electrical engineering, as well as other sciences, will find this book a thorough introduction to the field, while for lecturers and scientists it is a rich source of useful information and a ready-to-hand reference.

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Kiyoyuki Terakura, Hisazumi Akai

Structural stability is of fundamental importance in materials science. Up-to-date information on the theoretical aspects of phase stability of materials is contained in this volume. Most of the first-principles calculations are based on the local-density approximation (LDA). In contrast, this volume contains very recent results of "going beyond LDA", such as the density gradient expansion and the quantum Monte-Carlomethod. Following the recently introduced theoretical methods for the calculation of interatomic potentials, forces acting on atoms and total energies such as the Car-Parrinello, the effective-medium and the bond-ordermethod, attempts have been made to develop even more sophisticated methods such as the order-N method in electronic-structure calculations. The present status of these methods and their application to real systems are described. In addition, in order to study the phase stability atfinite temperatures, the microscopic calculations have to be combined with statistical treatment of the systems to describe, e.g. order-disorder transitions on the Si(001) surface or alloy phase diagrams. This book contains examples for this type of calculations.

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Hartmut Zabel, Stuart Solin

This book covers the basic physics and chemistry of graphite intercalation compounds. Emphasis is laid on the layered or quasi-two-dimensional structure of these compounds, which provides an exciting arena for testing physical concepts in lower dimensions. The chapters in this volume, all of which have been written by internationally recognized experts in the field, cover the following topics: the structure and phase transitions of intercalate atoms and molecules in graphite, the physics of staging formation and staging transitions, the lattice dynamics of these compounds as determined by inelastic neutron scattering and optical methods, the diffusivity of the guest species, mesoscopic properties such as domain structures and stacking arrangements, and the synthesis of new compounds. The reviews provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of the field of two- dimensional physics.

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S. J. Cyvin, I. Gutman

This text outlines the basic facts concerning Kekulé structures in benzenoid hydrocarbons: their history, applications and especially enumeration. The book is primarily aimed at organic and theoretical chemists interested in the enumeration of Kekulé structures of conjugated hydrocarbons as well as to scientists working in the field of mathematical and computational chemistry. The level of mathematics required from the reader matches the skills of normally educated undergraduate chemistry students. Furthermore, all important combinatorial formulas are exemplified and illustrated by pertinent special cases. The book may be of some relevance also to mathematicians wishing to learn about contemporary applications of combinatorics, graph theory and other branches of discrete mathematics.