The 20 years of the Synchrotron

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Shigeo Abe

<Em>Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems: Theory and Applications</em> discusses theories that have proven useful in applying neural networks and fuzzy systems to real world problems. The book includes performance comparison of neural networks and fuzzy systems using data gathered from real systems. Topics covered include the Hopfield network for combinatorial optimization problems, multilayered neural networks for pattern classification and function approximation, fuzzy systems that have the same functions as multilayered networks, and composite systems that have been successfully applied to real world problems. The author also includes representative neural network models such as the Kohonen network and radial basis function network. New fuzzy systems with learning capabilities are also covered. <br/> The advantages and disadvantages of neural networks and fuzzy systems are examined. The performance of these two systems in license plate recognition, a water purification plant, blood cell classification, and other real world problems is compared.

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William E. Schiesser, Graham W. Griffiths

In the analysis and the quest for an understanding of a physical system, generally, the formulation and use of a mathematical model that is thought to describe the system is an essential step. That is, a mathematical model is formulated (as a system of equations) which is thought to quantitatively define the interrelationships between phenomena that define the characteristics of the physical system. The mathematical model is usually tested against observations of the physical system, and if the agreement is considered acceptable, the model is then taken as a representation of the physical system, at least until improvements in the observations lead to refinements and extensions of the model. Often the model serves as a guide to new observations. Ideally, this process of refinement of the observations and model leads to improvements of the model and thus enhanced understanding of the physical system. However, this process of comparing observations with a proposed model is not possible until the model equations are solved to give a solution that is then the basis for the comparison with observations. The solution of the model equations is often a challenge. Typically in science and engineering this involves the integration of systems of ordinary and partial differential equations (ODE/PDEs). The intent of this volume is to assist scientists and engineers in this process of solving differential equation models by explaining some numerical, computer-based methods that have generally been proven to be effective for the solution of a spectrum of ODE/PDE system problems. For PDE models, we have focused on the method of lines (MOL), a well established numerical procedure in which the PDE spatial (boundary value) partial derivatives are approximated algebraically, in our case, by finite differences (FDs). The resulting differential equations have only one independent variable remaining, an initial value variable, typically time in a physical application. Thus, the MOL approximation replaces a PDE system with an initial value ODE system. This ODE system is then integrated using a standard routine, which for the Matlab analysis used in the example applications, is one of the Matlab library integrators. In this way, we can take advantage of the recent progress in ODE numerical integrators. However, whilst we have presented our MOL solutions in terms of Matlab code, it is not our intention to provide optimised Matlab code but, rather, to provide code that will be readily understood and that can be converted easily to other computer languages. This approach has been adopted in view of our experience that there is considerable interest in numerical solutions written in other computer languages such as Fortran, C, C++, Java, etc. Nevertheless, discussion of specific Matlab proprietary routines is included where this is thought to be of benefit to the reader. Important variations on the MOL are possible. For example, the PDE spatial derivatives can be approximated by finite elements, finite volumes, weighted residual methods and spectral methods. All of these approaches have been used and are described in the numerical analysis literature. For our purposes, and to keep the discussion to a reasonable length, we have focused on FDs. Specifically, we provide library routines for FDs of orders two to ten.

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M. Rudin

Localization 1. C.S. Bosch, J.J.H. Ackerman, St. Louis, MO/USA SurfaceCoil Spectroscopy 2. P. Styles, Oxford, UK Rotating Frame Spectroscopyand Spectroscopic Imaging 3. P.A. Bottomley, Schenectady, NY/USA DepthResolved Surface Coil Spectroscopy (Dress) 4. R.J. Ordidge, J.A. Helpern, Detroit, MI/USA Image Guided Volume Selective Spectroscopy: A Comparison of Techniques for In-Vivo 31P NMR Spectroscopy of Human Brain 5. M. Decorps, D. Bourgeois, Grenoble, France Localized Spectroscopy Using Static Magnetic Field Gradients: Comparison of Techniques 6. J.A. den Hollander, P.R. Luyten, Ad J.H. Marien, Best, The Netherlands 1H NMR Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging of the Human Brain Spectral Editing and Kinetic Measurements 7. H.P. Hetherington, Birmingham, AL/USA Homo- and Heteronuclear Editing in Proton Spectroscopy 8. D. Freeman, R. Hurd, Fremont, CA/USA Metabolite Specific Methods Using Double Quantum Coherence Transfer Spectroscopy 9. B.A. Berkowitz, Research Triangle Park, NC/USA Two-Dimensional Correlated Spectroscopy In-Vivo 10. G. Navon, Tel Aviv, Israel; T. Kushnir, Tel Hashomer, Israel; N. Askenasy, O. Kaplan, Tel Aviv, Israel Two-Dimensional 31P-1H Correlation Spectroscopy in Intact Organs and Their Extracts 11. M. Rudin, A. Sauter, Basel, Switzerland Measurement of Reaction Rates In Vivo Using Magnetization Transfer Techniques.

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John Maddern Harris

It is widely recognized that spiral grain in trees severely reduces the value of sawn timber through warping and loss of strength, and that it also causes problems for other wood uses as diverse as transmission poles or plywood. Yet, paradoxically, there are highly valued grain patterns including wavy and interlocked grain, whose origins in the cambium invite direct comparison with those of spiral grain, so that many authorities believe them to be related phenomena. In recent years this concept has prompted extensive research into the anatomy, genetics, and physiology of all such grain patterns in wood. As a result it has become apparent that tree cambia provide excellent systems through which to study the origins of stem polarity and the complex processes of morphogenetic control in plants. Beside these and other pressing topics for research, the book examines methods of measuring grain deviations, and considers their influence on wood properties, on the economics of timber production, and on wood manufacturing.